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In Web Captioning on February 28, 2013 at 1:41 pmEqual Comparisons
In Grammar, Style Guides and Equipment on February 14, 2013 at 11:16 amAn equal comparison shows that two entities are exactly the same, if positive, or not the same, if negative. The word as is used on either side of the adjective or adverb.
Mary is as tall as her sister. OR Mary is not as tall as her sister.
Sometimes, the word so is used in the first position of a negative comparison.
Mary is not so tall as her sister.
NOTE: In correct English, a subject pronoun is always used after the comparison phrase. This is often misused in speech.
Mary is as tall as she. You are not as old as I.
Examples of equal comparisons:
My brother is as big as an ox. (adjective)
Robert is as intelligent as Jane. (adjective)
That sprinter runs as fast as a cheetah. (adverb)
Our choir sings as well as yours. (adverb)
Sometimes, nouns can be used in comparative phrases of equality by using the same in front of it.
My car runs the same speed as yours. My car runs as fast as yours.
Their party ran the same length as the concert. Their party ran as long as the concert.
NOTE: The opposite of the same as is different from. You should never use different than.
My ice cream is different from yours.
Their uniforms are different from ours.
GMAT® Ultimate Grammar, First Edition
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COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: PART I
In Grammar, Style Guides and Equipment on February 13, 2013 at 11:00 amCOORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: PART I
Coordinating conjunctions are words which link, or coordinate, two or more similar words, phrases, or clauses together into one fluid idea. Words that are considered coordinating conjunctions are and, but, or and nor.
Parallel Structure
Parallel structure is when conjunctions are used to connect words or phrases that have the same grammatical function in a sentence. There are several ways to create parallel structure.
Two nouns are connected by a conjunction.
Laura and her sister are coming to the party.
Roger or Beth will win the election.
Two verbs are connected by a conjunction.
Michael raised his hand and asked a question.
Denise hesitated but continued the race anyway.
When both verbs contain the same auxiliary verb, the second auxiliary is usually omitted.
Terry is doing his homework and (is) listening to the radio.
When two infinitive verbs are connected, the second to is usually omitted.
The reporter wants to go and (to) interview the celebrity in person.
We want to attend the theater or (to) play a board game tonight.
Two adjectives are connected by a conjunction.
The singer’s voice was tender but strong.
The cake was tasty and sweet.
Two adverbs are connected by a conjunction.
The thief walked softly and quietly.
The plane was flying fast but low.
A parallel structure can contain more than two parts. When a series of items are connected, commas are used to separate each unit. A comma can be used or omitted before the connecter, but the same pattern should be used throughout the text. (See more on comma usage later in the book.)
Paul, John, George, and Ringo formed the Beatles band. Connected nouns
Charlie entered the boat, took to the water, and began fishing. Connected verbs
Our school colors are black, gold, and green. Connected adjectives
Paul didn’t react peacefully, correctly, or intelligently. Connected adverbs
GMAT® Ultimate Grammar, First Edition
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Some / Any
In Grammar, Style Guides and Equipment on February 12, 2013 at 9:24 amSome is used before the complement in a positive/affirmative sentence, while any is used before the complement in a negative sentence.
I want some coffee. I don’t want any coffee.
Daniel has some pizza. Daniel doesn’t have any pizza.
Debby had some homework. Debby didn’t have any homework.
It is also possible to make a sentence negative by adding the word no before the complement noun. When this occurs, the verb CANNOT be negative (see Double Negatives next).
Daniel has no pizza. Debby has no homework.
GMAT® Ultimate Grammar, First Edition
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ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
In Grammar, Style Guides and Equipment on February 11, 2013 at 10:28 amAdjectives
Adjectives are used to describe, or modify, nouns. They give additional descriptive information to a noun: hungry child, beautiful flowers, French doors, old man.
An adjective is considered neither singular nor plural. A final plural –s is never added to an adjective.
I saw some beautiful models at the show. NOT: I saw some beautifuls models at the show.
Adjectives only modify nouns, pronouns and linking verbs (see Linking Verbs section for more information on linking verbs). Adjectives normally come before the nouns they modify, or follow linking verbs. If more than one adjective is used, a comma is placed between to separate them.
The giant, green monster chased the tiny, frightened astronauts.
adjectives noun adjectives noun
Adjectives that modify a singular countable noun are usually preceded by a, an, or the which is determined by the vowel sound of the adjective, not the noun.
a delicious apple an ugly duckling the scary story
Adverbs
Adverbs are used to describe, or modify, verbs (except linking verbs), adjectives, or other adverbs.
Adverbs are often formed by adding –ly to an adjective.
Adjective: rapid Adverb: rapidly
Adverbs are often used to modify, give additional information to, adjectives.
She is extremely nervous.
adverb adjective
The following words are also adverbs: almost, fast, often, so, too, well. An adverb can be identified because it answers the question: How?
She is extremely nervous. (How nervous is she?)
We almost won. (How did we win?)
The bird flew fast. (How did the bird fly?)
Steven eats too much candy. (How much candy does Steven eat?)
Stacy plays violin well. (How does Stacy play violin?)
Adverbs can be placed in several positions, depending on the sentence.
Adverbs are often placed at the beginning of a sentence. It is followed by a comma in this instance.
Usually, the girls go to the mall on the weekend.
Adverbs can also be placed at the end of a sentence.
The girls go to the mall on the weekend usually.
Adverbs can be placed before simple present and simple past verbs (except be).
The girls usually go to the mall on the weekend.
The girls usually went to the mall on the weekend.
Adverbs follow the verb be in its simple and past forms.
Joan is normally in the competition. Cows were frequently in the field.
Adverbs are placed between an auxiliary verb and a main verb.
He has always gone to work early.
In a question, an adverb is placed directly after the subject.
Does the bus always come on time?
GMAT® Ultimate Grammar, First Edition
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Tag Questions
In Grammar, Style Guides and Equipment on February 10, 2013 at 12:08 pmA tag question is placed at the end of a sentence clause which the speaker is uncertain about. The tag question is separated from the main clause by a comma and ends in a question mark.
Follow these guidelines for using tag questions:
If the main clause is negative then the tag is affirmative. If the main clause is affirmative then the tag is negative.
Negative forms are usually contracted (She was happy, wasn’t she?)
Use the same auxiliary verb in the tag as in the main clause. If an auxiliary is not used then use do, does, or did.
Don’t change the tense of the verb from the main clause to the tag.
Use the same subject that is in the main clause for the tag. Always use a subject pronoun for the tag.
Sentence forms that use there is, there are and it is will have the same use of there, or it, in the tag. (There is enough for everyone, isn’t there?)
The verb have can be used as the main verb (I have a headache), or as an auxiliary verb (Jenny has received her diploma). When have functions as the main verb, a form of do, does, or did must be used (You have a headache, don’t you?)
Examples of tag questions:
Eric is in gym class now, isn’t he?
Julie isn’t in gym class now, is she?
The train will be arriving soon, won’t it?
There aren’t any potato chips left, are there?
You have a new car, don’t you?
GMAT® Ultimate Grammar, First Edition
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Who / Whom / Whose
In Grammar, Style Guides and Equipment on February 8, 2013 at 9:49 amWho / Whom / Whose
When the subject noun phrase of a sentence is being replaced, use relative pronoun who. This pronoun will be followed by a verb. When the complement noun phrase of a sentence is being replaced, use the relative pronoun whom. This pronoun will be followed by a noun.
Study the following sentences:
Who replaces the subject noun/phrase and is followed by a verb. (Note: The subject that who is replacing is the same.)
The students are going to Europe. The students have good grades.
The students who have good grades are going to Europe.
verb
The girls are intelligent. The girls like computer class.
The girls who like computer class are intelligent.
verb
Whom replaces the object noun/phrase and is followed by a noun/phrase. (Note: There is a subject AND an object being linked when whom is used.)
The girl is pretty. Jerry likes the girl.
The girl whom Jerry likes is pretty.
noun
Robin Williams is funny. The world adores Robin Williams.
Robin Williams, whom the world adores, is funny.
noun
The form whom can also be used with a preposition. Whom will always follow the preposition when used in this way.
Ben Franklin was an interesting man. The book was written about Ben Franklin.
Ben Franklin, about whom the book was written, was an interesting man.
prep.
The football players are handsome. Charlene is talking to the football players.
The football players to whom Charlene is talking are handsome.
prep.
Whose is a relative pronoun that indicates possession. Study the following examples of how to use whose.
John doesn’t like publicity. John’s wife is famous.
John, whose wife is famous, doesn’t like publicity.
I have a new pet dog. The dog’s eyes are albino red.
I have a new pet dog whose eyes are albino red.
GMAT® Ultimate Grammar, First Edition
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Embedded Questions
In Grammar, Style Guides and Equipment on February 7, 2013 at 9:34 amEmbedded Questions
An embedded question is included in a sentence or another question. The word order is different from that in a typical question, except for subject questions. There must NOT be an auxiliary between the question word and the subject in an embedded question.
Normal Question: When will the court hearing begin?
Embedded Question: They haven’t determined when the court hearing will begin.
Normal Question: Why did John hit that girl?
Embedded Question: I don’t understand why John hit that girl.
Question words within a sentence can be single words, or phrases. Phrases include: whose + noun, how many, how much, how long, how often, what time and what kind.
Betty didn’t know how many cupcakes to make for the Girl Scout troop.
I asked Doug how often he jogs every week.
The girls asked the ranger how far it was to the next camping point.
We wanted to know what kind of fruit was in this delicious ice cream.
The boss wanted to know whose break time it was.
When there is an embedded question within a question, the embedded question is seeking the actual information.
Do you know what time it is? The questioner is requesting the time.
Could you tell me how to get to the post office? The questioner is asking directions.
GMAT® Ultimate Grammar, First Edition
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Singular Indefinite Pronouns
In Grammar, Style Guides and Equipment on February 6, 2013 at 1:32 pmSingular Indefinite Pronouns
The following indefinite pronouns are considered singular and must be followed by singular verbs.
Another – Another bus is coming soon.
Anybody – Anybody knows the answer to that question.
Anyone – Anyone has the ability to do this job.
Anything – Anything is possible if you believe.
Each – Each of the kittens is different.
Either – Either route has a gas station.
Everybody – Everybody is happy today.
Everyone – Everyone is going on the field trip.
Everything – Everything has been ruined by the flood.
Less – Less is known about this period of history.
Little – Little has been considered about this problem.
Much – Much was discussed at the meeting.
Neither – Neither person was selected for the position.
No one – No one has the keys to the gym.
Nobody – Nobody was at the library.
Nothing – Nothing is going to stop me.
One – One of the clients is unhappy with our work.
Somebody – Somebody needs to call a doctor.
Someone – Someone is stealing money from the register.
Something – Something has gone wrong at work.
The following indefinite pronouns are considered plural and must be followed by plural verbs.
Both – Both are guilty.
Few – Few were happy with the outcome.
Fewer – Fewer are eating healthy in this time.
Many – Many were selected to play in the tournament.
Others – Others can do the job much better.
Several – Several were capable of getting the job done.
The following indefinite pronouns can take either a singular or plural verb depending on the noun used.
All – All the boys are tired of playing. OR All the time has gone.
Any – Any choices are good. OR Any choice is good.
More – More colors are good. OR More color is good.
Most – Most of the fires are quenched. OR Most of the fire is out.
None – None of the pies have been sold. OR None of the pie has been eaten.
Some – Some of my friends are coming. OR Some of my family is coming.
GMAT® Ultimate Grammar, First Edition
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Pronouns in Apposition
In Grammar, Style Guides and Equipment on February 4, 2013 at 10:46 amPronouns in Apposition
An appositive is a word, phrase, or clause in apposition – that is, it is a word placed next to another word so that the second explains the first.
Martha, my sister, and her boyfriend, Doug, are in town for the weekend.
In this sentence, my sister is in apposition to Martha and Doug is in apposition to her boyfriend.
In each case, the second word or phrase gives more information about the first word or phrase.
Martha = my sister and her boyfriend = Doug
A pronoun of apposition must take the form of the noun it is in apposition with, whether a subject noun, or a comparative (object) noun.
The weightlifters, John, George and I , are ready for the competition.
subject pronoun in apposition
In the above sentence, the pronoun I is in apposition with the subject noun weightlifters, therefore a subject pronoun is used. ( I am one of the weightlifters.)
subject
The labor party chose three officers, Sandra, Paul and me .
object pronoun in apposition
In the above sentence, the pronoun me is in apposition with the object of the verb officers,therefore a complement, or object pronoun, is used. (The labor party chose me as one of their officers.) object
GMAT® Ultimate Grammar, First Edition
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Pronouns
In Grammar, Style Guides and Equipment on February 2, 2013 at 11:35 amPRONOUNS
Five forms of pronouns exist in English. These are subject pronouns, complement (object) pronouns, possessive pronouns, possessive adjectives and reflexive pronouns.
Subject Pronouns
Subject pronouns are used in place of subject nouns. A singular pronoun is used to refer to a singular noun and a plural pronoun is used to refer to a plural noun.
Subject Pronouns
Singular Plural
I
You
He, She, It
We
You
They
Examples of subject pronoun use:
I am late for work.
Subject
He owns six dogs and three cats.
Subject
You and I are traveling to Las Vegas this weekend.
Subject
They were worried about making the trip in bad weather.
Subject
A subject pronoun can also be used after the verb be in certain circumstances, such as:
It was I who threw the ball at you. (Notice that I is the subject of “threw the ball”)
The pronoun we, you and us can be directly followed by a noun in order to make it clearer to whom is being referred.
We parents are very concerned about our children.
Comparative (Object) Pronouns
Comparative, or object, pronouns are used in place of the object of the verb. Again, a singular comparative pronoun is used for a singular comparative noun and a plural comparative pronoun is used for a plural comparative noun.
Comparative Pronouns
Singular
Plural
Me
You
Him, Her, It
Us
You
Them
Examples of comparative (object) pronouns:
Sally emailed me.
complement
The merchant offered him a good deal.
complement
I wanted to find you so we could go to the movies.
complement
Jerry told them that he wasn’t playing in the game tomorrow.
complement
A sentence can also contain variations in structure, such as containing prepositions and conjunctions followed by clauses. Identifying these various parts of speech will help in determining the correct usage of pronouns.
Alex arrived at the house before her.
preposition complement pronoun
Alex arrived at the house before she left work.
conjunction subject verb
clause
NOTE: A clause is a full sentence that has been connected to the first sentence by a conjunction (connector) and, therefore, also has a subject and verb.
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns show possession of something by someone. They are not followed by nouns, but stand alone. Possessive pronouns replace a noun that is understood by context.
NOTE: You do NOT use apostrophes with possessive pronouns. The pronoun its is different from the word it’s, which is a contraction of it is. (For information on the correct use of apostrophes, see the punctuation section.)
Possessive Pronouns
Singular
Plural
Mine
Your
His, Hers, Its
Ours
Yours
Theirs
Examples of possessive pronouns:
That is my money. That is mine. OR That money is mine.
John’s car is slow and my car is fast. His is slow and mine is fast.
Our class is boring. Ours is boring.
Their dresses are too short. Theirs are too short.
Possessive Adjectives
Possessive adjectives are pronouns which are used as adjectives and are located directly before another noun. They do not replace a noun, but modify it.
Possessive Adjectives
Singular
Plural
My
Your
His, Her, Its
Our
Your
Their
Examples of possessive adjectives:
Carol is reading her book.
The bird is grooming its wings.
He received his award this morning.
My homework is due next Monday.
Their names were not called in class.
Reflective Pronouns
Reflective pronouns indicate that the subject of a sentence is both giving and receiving the action of the verb. They are normally located after the verb.
Reflective Pronouns
Singular
Plural
Myself
Yourself
Himself, Herself, Itself
Ourselves
Yourselves
Themselves
NOTE: English never uses the forms hisself or thierselves. These forms are always incorrect.
Notice the difference between the comparative (object) pronoun and the reflective pronoun in the following sentences.
Mary bought her a birthday gift. (her = another person)
Mary bought herself a birthday gift. (herself = Mary)
Examples of reflective pronouns:
The bird bathed itself in the water hole.
I hurt myself playing soccer.
The boys treated themselves to ice cream after school.
We convinced ourselves not to be scared at the haunted house.
Protect yourself from the rain by taking an umbrella.
Reflexive pronouns can also be used to give emphasis, showing that the subject did the action alone (you can actually substitute the word alone for the pronoun in this case). When used this way, it usually follows the subject, but not always. It can also be placed at the end of the sentence, often used with the word by (by himself).
I myself believe in ghosts.
You yourself must choose what you will believe.
Robert completed the complex puzzle by himself.
The girls themselves made all the plans for the party.
We ourselves think the new voting law is unfair.
You will have to do the work on your car yourself.
GMAT® Ultimate Grammar, First Edition
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Numbers and Fractions
In Grammar, Style Guides and Equipment on February 1, 2013 at 9:11 amHyphenate all numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine.
Thirty-one of our graduating class went on to university.
Christopher counted fifty-six deer in the pasture yesterday evening.
Also, hyphenate all fractions which are spelled out.
George cut his sandwich into four pieces and gave each of us one-third.
More than one-half of the football team came down with food poisoning.
GMAT® Ultimate Grammar, First Edition
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Relative clauses and pronouns
In Grammar, Style Guides and Equipment on January 31, 2013 at 10:41 amRELATIVE CLAUSES
A relative clause is used to combine two separate sentences into one complete sentence. Any sentence that utilizes a relative clause can be separated into two complete sentences as the relative pronoun combines the two ideas together by replacing a duplicate noun phrase.
The ancient stone contains strange symbols. The symbols are from a forgotten language.
The ancient stone contains strange symbols that are from a forgotten language.
Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns that are used in relative clauses to replace duplicate noun phrases are listed below.
Pronoun Use in English
That
Which
Who
Whom
Whose
Things
Things
People
People
Usually people
Dr. Won is the teacher. Dr. Won will accompany us.
ACCEPTABLE INFORMAL: Dr. Won is the teacher that (or who) will accompany us.
ACCEPTABLE FORMAL: Dr. Won is the teacher who will accompany us.
NOTE: The relative pronoun which is NEVER used with people in English.
UNACCEPTABLE: Dr. Won is the teacher which will accompany us.
A regular pronoun CANNOT be used with a relative pronoun.
INCORRECT: This is the dress that I will wear it at the dance.
CORRECT: This is the dress that I will wear at the dance.
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Indefinite Pronouns
In Grammar, Style Guides and Equipment on January 30, 2013 at 9:37 amAn indefinite pronoun refers to something that is not definite, specific, or exact. Most indefinite pronouns are considered singular and require singular verbs, but some require plural verbs and some can be used with either singular or plural verbs depending on the noun.
GMAT® Ultimate Grammar, First Edition
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The Linking Verb (or Copulative)
In Grammar, Style Guides and Equipment on August 25, 2012 at 4:39 pmA verb which expresses action is called an active verb.
Copy the following sentences and notice the word that seems to link the subject to the other words in the sentence:
1. John is a good boy.
2. Henry was school.
3. Patrick is sick.
4. You are a scholar.
5. The children are happy.
6. The girls were in the choir.
7. Mary was very sick.
8. We were successful.
9. They will be happy.
Name the subjects in the above sentences.
The subjects seem to be “linked” to the rest of the sentences by the little words, is, was, am, are, were. Such “linking” words are called Copulative Verbs.
De La Salle Elementary English, Book Two. Copyright unknown, missing index page.
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Importance of Punctuation
In Grammar, Style Guides and Equipment on August 23, 2012 at 1:35 pmGive the name of each of the following punctuation marks and use each in separate sentences.
. , ? ! ‘
Many serious mistakes are made because the punctuation marks have not been correctly used. You easily see how the little mark (.) the period will make a very great difference according to the position it has in the following:
$500. $50.00 $5.00 $5000.
Notice the difference caused in the meaning of the two following sentences by placing the punctuation marks where they do not belong.
1. What do you think! I’ll shave you for nothing and give you a drink.
2. What! Do you think I’ll shave you for nothing and give you a drink?
De La Salle Elementary English, Book Two. Copyright unknown, missing index page.
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Comparison of Adjectives (continued)
In Grammar, Style Guides and Equipment on July 22, 2012 at 1:27 pm
Notice how the comparative and the superlative degree is formed in the following:
Positive…small
Comparative…smaller
Superlative…smallest
You notice that the comparative degree is formed by adding the suffix ER to the Positive; small, smaller.
The Superlative degree is formed by adding the suffix EST to the Positive; small, smallest.
De La Salle Elementary English, Book Two. Copyright unknown, missing index page.
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Possessives (Continued)
In Grammar, Style Guides and Equipment on July 9, 2012 at 12:01 pmCopy the following and notice where the apostrophe is placed in the words that show possession:
- The man’s hat is on the chair.
- The men’s hats are on the chair.
The plural word men does not end in S.
- The woman’s cloak is hanging in the closet.
- The women’s cloaks are hanging in the closet.
The plural word “women” does not end in S.
When plural words do not end in S the possessive is formed by placing the apostrophe and S at the end of the word; as,
Children, children’s
Gentlemen, gentlemen’s
Foemen, foemen’s
De La Salle Elementary English, Book Two. Copyright unknown, missing index page.
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The Apostrophe in Possessives
In Grammar, Style Guides and Equipment on July 8, 2012 at 12:13 pm
Copy the following neatly, noticing where the apostrophe is placed in the words:
- The boy’s cap hangs on the wall.
- The boys’ caps hang on the wall.
Boy’s in number one is singular. Boys’ in number two is plural.
- The bird’s nest is high up in the oak tree.
- The birds’ nests are high up in the oak tree.
Plural nouns ending in S form the possessive by adding the apostrophe after the S.
De La Salle Elementary English, Book Two. Copyright unknown, missing index page.
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World Changes Tabernacle has filed a petition for exemption for its program “The Word is On” from the closed captioning requirements
In FCC on June 28, 2012 at 11:52 amREQUEST FOR EXEMPTION FROM COMMISSION’S CLOSED CAPTIONING RULES
CGB-CC-0089
CG Docket No. 06-181
World Changes Tabernacle has filed a petition for exemption for its program “The Word is On” from the closed captioning requirements, pursuant to Section 79.1 of the Commission’s rules, 47 C.F.R. § 79.1.
Petitioner claims that compliance would impose an “undue economic burden,” as defined in Section 79.1(f) of the Commission’s rules, 47 C.F.R. § 79.1(f).1
Comments and oppositions are due within 30 days from the date of this public notice. The case identifier,
CGB-CC-0089
, must be placed on all filings. Comments and oppositions sent via e-mail to the Commission will be considered informal and are not part of the official record.
Filing Instructions
An original and two (2) copies of all comments, oppositions, and replies must be filed with the Commission.
Filings can be sent by hand or messenger delivery, commercial overnight courier, or by first class or overnight U.S. Postal Service mail (although we continue to experience delays in receiving U.S. Postal Service mail). All filings must be addressed to the Commission’s Secretary, Office of the Secretary, Federal Communications Commission, Attn: CGB Room 3-B431.
Objects
In Grammar, Style Guides and Equipment on June 27, 2012 at 12:53 pmName the subject and the predicate in each of the following sentences:
- The boy carries the basket.
- William drives the auto.
- Catherine sang the song.
- All good children say their prayers.
Select the predicate verb in each of the above and then ask the question WHAT after each; as,
Carries what? The basket.
Drives what? The auto.
Sang what? The song.
Say what? Their prayers.
The words that answer the question, WHAT, after the predicate verb are the OBJECTS OF the sentences
De La Salle Elementary English, Book Two Copyright unknown, missing index page.
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Comma After “Yes” And “No”
In Grammar, Style Guides and Equipment on May 3, 2012 at 10:36 pmNotice the use of the comma in the following sentences which you may copy:
Did your brother enlist in the World War?
Yes, he did, and he was wounded in the War.
Will you go to High School after you finish the grammar grades?
Yes, I will, if my father can afford it.
Do you intend to become a doctor?
No, I want to be an engineer, if I can.
Have you been to the Movies lately?
No, my father does not wish me to go till he is certain the pictures are good.
You notice in the above sentences that the COMMA is used after the words YES and NO. These two little words are really an answer to the question before them.
Write five sentences in which you will the COMMA after the words, YES and NO. It may help to tell you that it will be easy if you ask questions that can be answered by Yes or No.
De La Salle Elementary English, Book Two Copyright unknown, missing index page.
A list of pronouns.
In Grammar, Style Guides and Equipment on April 4, 2012 at 7:54 pmI
We
He
She
T
You
They
My
Our
His
Him
Hers
Its
Yours
Their
Me
Us
Them
De La Salle Elementary English, Book Two Copyright unknown, missing index page.
Pronouns.
In Grammar, Style Guides and Equipment on April 4, 2012 at 6:44 pmNotice the words italicized in the following sentences:
1. I love my mother.
2. My mother loves me.
The words, I, MY, ME, stand for my name.
My name is a noun.
The words they, their, them stand for nouns.
The words that stand for nouns are called Pronouns.
De La Salle Elementary English, Book Two Copyright unknown, missing index page.
Plural Possessives
In Grammar, Style Guides and Equipment on April 2, 2012 at 4:10 pmWrite the following plural nouns and notice that the apostrophe is placed after the S in each word:
Boys’
Birds’
Doctors’
Bankers’
Sailors’
Parents’
Carpenters’
Gardeners’
Each word in the above list is plural (means more than one) and each indicates possession or ownership; as,
The boys’ coats are in the closet.
The bankers’ reports were sent to my father.
The carpenters’ tools are in the box.
What differences do you notice in the words boys and girls in the following sentences?
The girls are very studious.
The girls’ hats are hanging in the closet.
The boys are playing ball in the yard.
The boys’ baseball shoes are in the locker.
Do not an apostrophe for plural words unless they show possession
De La Salle Elementary English, Book Two Copyright unknown, missing index page.
Plurals
In Grammar, Style Guides and Equipment on March 30, 2012 at 7:20 pmColumn One
Day – days
Key – keys
Clock – clocks
Girl – girls
Column Two
Bench – benches
Church – churches
Match – matches
Ditch – ditches
Column Three
Tooth – teeth
Goose – geese
Man – men
Mouse – mice
In column ONE we add S to the word that means only one to make it mean more than one.
In column TWO we add ES to the word that means but one to have it mean more than one.
In the third set of words we change some of the inside letters of the word meaning one so as to have it mean more than one.
Nouns ending in CH as in column TWO usually add ES to mean more than one.
Nouns that mean but one person or thing are called SINGULAR.
Nouns that mean more than one or several persons or thing are called PLURAL.
De La Salle Elementary English, Book Two Copyright unknown, missing index page.
Predicates
In Grammar, Style Guides and Equipment on March 10, 2012 at 5:44 pmName the subject in each of the following sentences and then tell what is said about each Subject:
Patrick plays ball.
Mary studies music.
The child drinks milk.
The clock strikes the hour.
Daniel shines his shoes.
Our Sister teaches English.
Henry sang a sweet song.
Catherine cleans the dishes.
Susan helps her mother.
In sentence number one, we say that Patrick plays ball, and we call “plays ball” the Predicate.
That which is said about the Subject is called the PREDICATE.
De La Salle Elementary English, Book Two Copyright unknown, missing index page.
Web Captioning: Implications for Education
In Web Captioning on March 4, 2012 at 1:20 amThere is no question that use of web multimedia in education is increasing. Many online education courses are provided entirely using web multimedia. The education system has an ethical and, in many cases, legal obligation for providing equivalent access to individuals who are deaf and hard-of-hearing. Despite this, a vast majority of educational web multimedia is not captioned. There are many reasons why this may be the case:
- Lack of awareness. Those producing web multimedia do not understand the accessibility implications.
- Lack of policies or standards that require or even suggest accessibility.
- Captioning is considered cost prohibitive.
- Lack of technical knowledge to provide captions and/or tools to generate captions.
- Use of technologies that do not natively support captions (and no method for providing captions using alternative technologies).
Increasing the accessibility of web multimedia should be a top priority for all in education. The issues listed above are all ones that can be overcome to ensure accessibility to the Deaf and hard-of-hearing.
- Web Captioning and Education, NCDAE.org
A sampling of statistics about hearing and deafness in the U.S. begins to suggest just how many people may require or benefit from closed captioning:
In Web Captioning on March 4, 2012 at 1:16 am- In the U.S., approximately 36 million adults—about 11% of the population— “report some degree of hearing loss” (NIDCD, 2010).
- The number of closed-caption users in the U.S. is estimated at 50 million (CaptionsOn, 2010)—i.e. about 1 in 6 Americans.
- The number of U.S. students with disabilities going to college “more than tripled” between 1978 and 1996 (OCR, 1999).
- “According to the Deafness Research Foundation, hearing loss is the No. 1 diagnosis for U.S. soldiers in Afghanistan and more than 65 percent of Afghan war veterans are suffering from hearing damage” (Hemstreet, 2010).
- The number of Americans 65 years of age and older—a population group more likely to benefit from accommodations such as closed captioning—is projected to rise from 13% in 2010 to 20% by 2050 (U.S. Census, 2008).
- “One third of all senior citizens have hearing problems” (CaptionsOn, 2010). Thus when we focus on digital natives and so-called Millennials, we risk ignoring the needs of this fast-growing group of older Americans.
-Which sounds are significant? Towards a rhetoric of closed captioning by Sean Zdenek